Bible Dictionary
HOSEA
HOSEA
(From the Hebrew “Hoshea”: “saved, salvation”).
(a) First name of Joshua, son of Num, changed to Moses (Num. 13:8, 16; 1 Chron. 27:20).
(b) Son of Azariah, one of the princes of Ephraim during the reign of David (1 Chron. 27:20).
(c) One of those who sealed Nehemiah’s covenant (Neh. 10:23).
(d) Last king of Israel, son of Elah. In conspiracy with Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria, Hosea killed Pekah, king of Israel, and usurped the throne (2 Kings 15:30). He reigned for nine years, between 730 and 722 BC. Hosea, as king of Israel, did evil in the sight of Jehovah, although not to the extent of those who had been kings before him.
Shalmanser, king of Assyria, came up against him. Hosea, unable to defend himself, submitted as a tributary (2 Kings 17:3); He then requested help from Pharaoh, believing that Egypt would help him in order to also keep the Assyrians away from their own borders.
Thus, he refused to continue paying the annual tribute to Assyria (2 Kings 17:4). Shalmaneser again invaded the territories of Israel, imprisoned Hoshea, and besieged Samaria (see SHALMANSAR, c).
The city of Samaria was subjected to great hardship, but it held out for three years, at the end of which Shalmansar died. He was succeeded by Sargon, who had the glory of taking Samaria. He deported the nobles to Assyria, and made them reside in Cala and Habor, by the river Gozan, and in cities of Media (2 Kings 17:5, 6).
This event is called the Captivity of the Ten Tribes. Hosea was no more responsible than the other kings for the collapse of the northern kingdom; Simply, with him the cup of iniquities that Israel had been filling over the centuries overflowed (2 Kings 17:7-23). (See SAMARIA, a, SARGON, ISRAEL.)
(e) The prophet Hosea, son of Beeri; he spoke during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and under Jeroboam II, king of Israel (Hos. 1:1). The date can be established thanks to the mention of Jeroboam (Hos. 1:1); This date is corroborated by the internal evidence of Os. 1:4, where it is stated that the house of Jehu, of which Jeroboam II was a part, continued to occupy the throne.
The passages of Hos. 7:3, 16; 8:4 allude to the riots and murders that took place in the northern kingdom after the death of Jeroboam. The conditions described between Os. 5:8 and 6:6 can be related to the war between Syria and Israel (734-733 BC; cf. 2 Kings 15:29-16:9; 1 Chr. 5:26; 2 Chr. 28; Is. 7 :1-9).
There have been critics who have claimed that the chronological indication of the kings of Judah (Hos. 1:1) was given to present Hosea as a contemporary of Isaiah (Is. 1:1).
Hosea’s prophetic ministry began under Jeroboam II at a time when Uzziah was still alive, so it must have been before 746, or 750 B.C. This was also the time when Amos, originally from Judah, was sent to the northern kingdom, while Micah was prophesying in the kingdom of Judah.
Bible Dictionary
BETHEL
BETHEL
is the name of a Canaanite city in the ancient region of Samaria, located in the center of the land of Canaan, northwest of Ai on the road to Shechem, 30 kilometers south of Shiloh and about 16 kilometers north of Jerusalem.
Bethel is the second most mentioned city in the Bible. Some identify it with the Palestinian village of Beitin and others with the Israeli settlement of Beit El.
Bethel was the place where Abraham built his altar when he first arrived in Canaan (Genesis 12:8; Genesis 13:3). And at Bethel Jacob saw a vision of a ladder whose top touched heaven and the angels ascended and descended (Genesis 28:10-19).
For this reason Jacob was afraid, and said, “How terrible is this place! It is nothing other than the house of God, and the gate of heaven »and he called Bethel the place that was known as «Light» (Genesis 35-15).
Bethel was also a sanctuary in the days of the prophet Samuel, who judged the people there (1 Samuel 7:16; 1 Samuel 10:3). And it was the place where Deborah, the nurse of Rebekah, Isaac’s wife, was buried.
Bethel was the birthplace of Hiel, who sought to rebuild the city of Jericho (1 Kings 16:34).
When Bethel did not yet belong to the people of Israel, Joshua had to battle against the king of Bethel and other kings and defeated them (Joshua 12-16).
When the people of Israel had taken possession of the promised land, in the division by tribes it was assigned to the Tribe of Benjamin (Joshua 18-22), but in later times it belonged to the Tribe of Judah (2 Chronicles 13:19).
It was one of the places where the Ark of the Covenant remained, a symbol of the presence of God.
In Bethel the prophet Samuel judged the people.
Then the prophet Elisha went up from there to Bethel; and as he was going up the road, some boys came out of the city and mocked him, and said to him: “Go up, bald man; Come up, bald! When he looked back and saw them, he cursed them in the name of the Lord. Then two bears came out of the forest and tore to pieces forty-two boys” (2 Kings 2:23).
After the division of the kingdom of Israel, Jeroboam I, king of Israel, had a golden calf raised at Bethel (1 Kings 21:29) which was destroyed by Josiah, king of Judah, many years later (2 Kings 23:15). .
Bethel was also a place where some of the Babylonian exiles who returned to Israel in 537 BC gathered. (Ezra 2:28).
The prophet Hosea, a century before Jeremiah, refers to Bethel by another name: “Bet-Aven” (Hosea 4:15; Hosea 5:8; Hosea 10:5-8), which means ‘House of Iniquity’, ‘House of Nothingness’, ‘House of Vanity’, ‘House of Nullity’, that is, of idols.
In Amos 7: 12-13 the priest Amaziah tells the prophet Amos that he flee to Judah and no longer prophesy in Bethel because it is the king’s sanctuary, and the head of the kingdom.
The prophet Jeremiah states that “the house of Israel was ashamed of Bethel” (Jeremiah 48:13), because of their idolatry and, specifically, the worship of the golden calf.
Bible Dictionary
PUTEOLI
PUTEOLI
(lat.: “small fountains”).
Two days after arriving in Rhegium, the ship carrying Paul arrived at Puteoli, which was then an important maritime city.
The apostle found Christians there, and enjoyed their hospitality (Acts 28:13).
It was located on the northern coast of the Gulf of Naples, near the site of present-day Pouzzoles.
The entire surrounding region is volcanic, and the Solfatare crater rises behind the city.
Bible Dictionary
PUT (Nation)
PUT
Name of a nation related to the Egyptians and neighbors of their country (Gen. 10:6).
Put is mentioned with Egypt and other African countries, especially Libya (Nah. 3:9) and Lud (Ez. 27:10; Is. 66:19 in the LXX. Put appears between Cush and Lud in Jer. 46:9; Ez. 30:5).
In the LXX he is translated as Libyans in Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Josephus also identifies it with Libya (Ant. 1:6, 2), but in Nah. 3.9 is distinguished from the Libyans.
Current opinion is divided between Somalia, Eastern Arabia and Southern Arabia (Perfume Coast).
Bible Dictionary
PURPLE
PURPLE
A coloring substance that is extracted from various species of mollusks. The ancient Tyrians used two types of them: the “Murex trunculus”, from which the bluish purple was extracted, and the “Murex brandaris”, which gave the red.
The ink of its coloring matter varies in color depending on the region in which it is fished.
Piles of murex shells, artificially opened, have been discovered in Minet el-Beida, port of ancient Ugarit (Ras Shamra), which gives evidence of the great antiquity of the use of this purple dye (see UGARIT).
Due to its high price, only the rich and magistrates wore purple (Est. 8:15, cf. the exaltation of Mordecai, v. 2, Pr. 31:22; Dan. 5:7; 1 Mac. 10 :20, 62, 64; 2 Mac. 4:38; cf. v 31; Luke 16:19; Rev. 17:4).
The rulers adorned themselves in purple, even those of Midian (Judg. 8:26). Jesus was mocked with a purple robe (Mark 15:17).
Great use had been made of purple-dyed fabrics for the Tabernacle (Ex. 25:4; 26:1, 31, 36) and for the high priest’s vestments (Ex. 28:5, 6, 15, 33; 39: 29). The Jews gave symbolic value to purple (Wars 5:5, 4).
Bible Dictionary
PURIM
PURIM
(Heb., plural of “luck”).
Haman cast lots to determine a day of good omen for the destruction of the Jews.
As Haman’s designs were undone, the liberation of the Jews was marked by an annual festival (Est. 3:7; 9:24-32) on the fourteenth and fifteenth days of the month of Adar.
This festival is not mentioned by name in the NT, although there are exegetes who assume that it is the one referred to in Jn. 5:1.
This festival continues to be celebrated within Judaism: the book of Esther is read, and curses are pronounced on Haman and his wife, blessings are pronounced on Mordecai and the eunuch Harbonah (Est. 1:10; 7: 9).
Bible Dictionary
PURIFICATION, PURITY
PURIFICATION, PURITY
In the Mosaic Law four ways to purify oneself from contamination were indicated:
(a) Purification of contamination contracted by touching a dead person (Num. 19; cf. Num. 5:2, 3),
(b) Purification from impurity due to bodily emissions (Lev. 15; cf. Num. 5:2, 3).
(c) Purification of the woman in labor (Lev. 12:1-8; Luke 2:21-24).
(d) Purification of the leper (Lev. 14).
To this, the scribes and Pharisees added many other purifications, such as washing hands before eating, washing vessels and dishes, showing great zeal in these things, while inside they were full of extortion and iniquity (Mark 7: 2-8).
In Christianity the necessary purification extends:
to the heart (Acts 15:9; James 4:8),
to the soul (1 Pet. 1:22), and
to the conscience through the blood of Christ (Heb. 9:14).
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